{"id":52665,"date":"2025-04-25T22:03:54","date_gmt":"2025-04-26T02:03:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hancockhealth.org\/mayo-health-library\/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad\/"},"modified":"2026-02-04T12:07:07","modified_gmt":"2026-02-04T17:07:07","slug":"myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad","status":"publish","type":"mayo","link":"https:\/\/hancockhealth.apgar.digital\/es\/mayo-health-library\/myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein-antibody-associated-disease-mogad\/","title":{"rendered":"Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"container mx-auto   wordpress-block wordpress- core-\">\n<p>Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, also known as MOGAD, is a rare inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system. In <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>, the immune system attacks the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n<p>Symptoms of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> may include vision loss, muscle weakness, stiffness or paralysis, confusion, seizures, and headaches. These symptoms can be sometimes confused with other diseases such as multiple sclerosis.<\/p>\n<p>There&#8217;s no cure for <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. However, there are treatments to help speed the recovery from attacks, manage symptoms and reduce the likelihood of symptoms returning.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> causes painful swelling, known as inflammation. Symptoms are caused by attacks from:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Inflammation of the optic nerve.<\/strong> Called optic neuritis, this condition may lead to vision loss in one or both eyes and eye pain that gets worse with eye movement. Optic neuritis in children may be mistaken for a headache.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inflammation of the spinal cord.<\/strong> Called transverse myelitis, this condition may lead to arm or leg weakness, muscle stiffness, or paralysis. It also may cause sensory loss and changes in bowel, bladder or sexual function.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.<\/strong> Called acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also known as ADEM, this condition may lead to vision loss, weakness, unsteady walk and confusion. <abbr title=\"acute disseminated encephalomyelitis\">ADEM<\/abbr> is more common in children with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Other symptoms of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> puede incluir:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Seizures.<\/li>\n<li>Headaches.<\/li>\n<li>Fever.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Disease course<\/h3>\n<p>Some people who have <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> only experience one attack of symptoms. This is called monophasic <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> and is slightly more common. However, some people experience multiple attacks, called relapsing <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. Attacks usually develop over days and can be severe and debilitating. Disability usually gets worse with each attack. Attack recovery can take weeks to months.<\/p>\n<h3>When to see a doctor<\/h3>\n<p>See a doctor or other healthcare professional if you experience any of the above symptoms for unknown reasons.<\/p>\n<p>The cause of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is not known. It&#8217;s an autoimmune disorder in which the body&#8217;s immune system attacks its own tissues. In people with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>, the immune system destroys the fatty substance called myelin. Myelin coats and protects nerve fibers in the optic nerve, brain and spinal cord.<\/p>\n<p>The brain sends messages down nerve fibers that help tell parts of the body what to do. When the myelin is damaged and nerve fibers are exposed, those messages may be slowed or blocked. This means those parts of the body won&#8217;t work properly.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is often misdiagnosed as another disease that attacks myelin and causes similar symptoms. It may be mistaken for multiple sclerosis, known as MS. Or it may be confused with a condition called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, also known as NMOSD.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is different from <abbr title=\"multiple sclerosis\">MS<\/abbr> y <abbr title=\"neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder\">NMOSD<\/abbr> because the first attack of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is usually the most severe, but people with the disease can have a complete recovery. <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> also is diagnosed differently, using results from <abbr title=\"Magnetic resonance imaging\">resonancia magn\u00e9tica<\/abbr> and blood tests. People with <abbr title=\"multiple sclerosis\">MS<\/abbr> y <abbr title=\"neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder\">NMOSD<\/abbr> typically have multiple attacks, while about half of people with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> have only one attack.<\/p>\n<p>These factors may increase your risk of developing <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Age.<\/strong> Children and young adults are slightly more likely to develop <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Recent infection or vaccination.<\/strong> <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> may develop after an infectious illness or vaccination, such as <abbr title=\"severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\">SARS-CoV-2<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> complications are caused by the attacks on the fatty substance that protects nerve fibers in the optic nerves, brain and spinal cord. The first attack is usually the worst, but each attack can cause more damage. Some possible complications may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Permanent paralysis in the arms and legs.<\/li>\n<li>Long-term bowel and bladder difficulties.<\/li>\n<li>Blindness in one or both eyes.<\/li>\n<li>Trouble with language, memory and thinking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alguno <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> treatments also may cause complications. Long-term use of certain medicines may result in:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Infection.<\/li>\n<li>Lymphoma or skin cancers.<\/li>\n<li>Slowed growth in children.<\/li>\n<li>Headaches.<\/li>\n<li>Kidney failure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Your healthcare team will work with you to decide which treatment options are the best and how long to continue them.<\/p>\n<p>A healthcare professional reviews any symptoms you&#8217;re having and may do a physical exam to look for any signs of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p><abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is usually diagnosed after two things have been confirmed. Healthcare professionals confirm that symptoms were caused by a typical attack type, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis or acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> also is diagnosed after the <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr>-antibody is found in the blood or spinal fluid.<\/p>\n<p>These two things can be confirmed by a few procedures, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr> antibody testing with a cell-based assay.<\/strong> This test looks at cells with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr> on their surface to see if the <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr>-antibody is present in the blood. This test is considered the gold standard for testing for <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>, but there is potential for false positives. Caution is needed if the symptoms aren&#8217;t typical or are similar to those of another disease, such as multiple sclerosis.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Spinal tap.<\/strong> Also called a lumbar puncture, this procedure collects a small sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing. This sample can show if there is an elevated white blood cell count. This causes inflammation and is common in <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. A spinal tap also can look for a type of protein in the spinal fluid called oligoclonal bands. These bands are more common in multiple sclerosis and may help make a distinction between the two diseases.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Imaging tests.<\/strong> You may need an <abbr title=\"Magnetic resonance imaging\">resonancia magn\u00e9tica<\/abbr> of the brain, spine and optic nerve. These images can show irregular spots on the brain and spinal cord, called lesions, and inflammation of the optic nerve.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Eye exam.<\/strong> An eye exam, called an optical coherence tomography, can help diagnose <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. This test shows the layers of the part of the eye called the retina. During episodes of optic neuritis, the retina is often thicker than usual. After these episodes, damage to the nerve cells in the retina causes the retina to get thinner.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>El <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr> antibody test isn&#8217;t always accurate. Sometimes healthy people or people with other diseases can have <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr> antibodies at lower levels. Your healthcare team uses your test results to make sure there isn&#8217;t something else causing your symptoms.<\/p>\n<p>There is no cure for <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, managing symptoms and reducing relapses. You meet with your healthcare team to come up with a treatment plan that fits your needs.<\/p>\n<h3>Treatments for attacks<\/h3>\n<p>Attacks for <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> are usually severe and should be treated right away for the most complete recovery. Treatment options may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Corticosteroids.<\/strong> Corticosteroids are medicines used to reduce nerve inflammation and quickly reverse <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> symptoms. They are given at high doses and may be taken by mouth or given through an <abbr title=\"Intravenous\">IV<\/abbr>. Side effects may include trouble sleeping, increased blood pressure and blood glucose levels, mood swings, and fluid retention.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plasma exchange.<\/strong> This procedure involves removing the liquid portion of your blood, called plasma, and separating it from your blood cells. This process removes the <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr> antibodies from your blood. The blood cells are then mixed with a protein solution and put back into your body. Plasma exchange may be used if your symptoms are new, severe or haven&#8217;t responded to the corticosteroids.<\/li>\n<li><strong><abbr title=\"Intravenous\">IV<\/abbr> immune globulin.<\/strong> Also known as IVIG, this treatment uses antibodies from plasma of a donor to treat <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. <abbr title=\"IV immune globulin\">IVIG<\/abbr> helps neutralize the <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein\">MOG<\/abbr> antibodies and reduce inflammation. <abbr title=\"IV immune globulin\">IVIG<\/abbr> also can suppress the immune system to prevent future attacks. It is more commonly used in children.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Treatments for symptoms<\/h3>\n<p>Treating symptoms of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> can help reduce pain and side effects after attacks. Treatment options may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Antiseizure medicines.<\/strong> Seizures may happen in some people with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. Antiseizure medicines help reduce the number of seizures and can stop them from coming back.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Therapies.<\/strong> <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> attacks can lead to muscle weakness, stiffness and paralysis. Physical therapy and occupational therapy can be used to help rehabilitate the body parts that were damaged during attacks.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other medicines.<\/strong> Additional medicines may be used to help with symptoms of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. Pain, fatigue, bowel and bladder symptoms, and erectile dysfunction can be treated with medicines.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Treatments to prevent attacks<\/h3>\n<p>Since <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is a recently discovered disease, there are no proven treatments to prevent attacks. However, clinical trials are underway to find treatments.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment to prevent attacks of <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> is typically only used if you experience multiple attacks, known as relapsing <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>. Attacks can be prevented by suppressing the immune system. However, this type of treatment can lead to other illnesses and is only used if necessary. Attack-prevention treatments are usually started after the second attack to try to prevent more from happening. But it may be used if your first attack was so severe that it caused permanent damage.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment options may include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oral immunosuppressants.<\/strong> Medicines such as azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone can be taken orally. These medicines suppress the immune system so it stops attacking the myelin and causing damage. However, they can take up to a few months to work, so a relapse still may happen. Oral immunosuppressants can have negative effects on the body. They may include infection, rash and risk of cancer if used long term.<\/li>\n<li><strong><abbr title=\"Intravenous\">IV<\/abbr> medicines.<\/strong> <abbr title=\"Intravenous\">IV<\/abbr> immune globulin can be used to prevent attacks because it suppresses the immune system. Other medicines such as rituximab and tocilizumab also may be given through an <abbr title=\"Intravenous\">IV<\/abbr> to help suppress the immune system. Side effects may include headaches and increased risk of infection.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The type of prevention treatment you have affects how long you need the treatment. Some treatments may have negative effects if used long term. Your healthcare team can help decide what the best treatment is for you.<\/p>\n<p>Living with any illness can be difficult. To manage the stress of living with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>, consider these suggestions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain normal daily activities as best you can.<\/li>\n<li>Stay connected to friends and family.<\/li>\n<li>Continue to pursue hobbies that you enjoy and are able to do.<\/li>\n<li>Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members.<\/li>\n<li>Discuss your feelings and concerns about living with <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr> with your healthcare team or a counselor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system, called a neurologist.<\/p>\n<h3>What you can do<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Write down your symptoms,<\/strong> including any that may not seem related to the reason for your appointment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Make a list of all your medicines,<\/strong> vitamins and supplements.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bring any clinical notes,<\/strong> scans, lab test results or other information from your other healthcare professionals to your neurologist.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Write down your key medical information,<\/strong> including other conditions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Write down key personal information,<\/strong> including any recent changes or stressors in your life.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Write down questions to ask<\/strong> your healthcare team.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Take a family member or friend along.<\/strong> Sometimes it can be difficult to remember all the information provided during an appointment. Someone who accompanies you may remember something that you missed or forgot.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Your time with your healthcare team is limited, so preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important in case time runs out. For <abbr title=\"myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease\">MOGAD<\/abbr>, some basic questions to ask include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What&#8217;s the most likely cause of my symptoms?<\/li>\n<li>What kinds of tests do I need? Do they require any special preparation?<\/li>\n<li>Is my condition likely temporary or ongoing?<\/li>\n<li>Will my condition progress?<\/li>\n<li>\u00bfQu\u00e9 tratamientos est\u00e1n disponibles?<\/li>\n<li>I have these other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Don&#8217;t hesitate to ask other questions during your appointment.<\/p>\n<h3>What to expect from your doctor<\/h3>\n<p>Be prepared to answer questions, such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When did your symptoms begin?<\/li>\n<li>Have your symptoms been continuous or occasional?<\/li>\n<li>How severe are your symptoms?<\/li>\n<li>What, if anything, seems to improve your symptoms?<\/li>\n<li>What, if anything, appears to worsen your symptoms?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis and treatments for this autoimmune disease that attacks nerve fibers in the body.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","tags":[1686,1685,1682],"class_list":["post-52665","mayo","type-mayo","status-publish","hentry","tag-anatomical-structure","tag-condition","tag-person-group-concept","content_type-diseases-conditions"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - 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